The economy of Poland is an emerging and developing, high-income, industrialized, mixed economy that serves as the sixth-largest in the European Union by nominal GDP and fifth-largest by GDP (PPP). Poland boasts the extensive public services characteristic of most developed economies and is one of few countries in Europe to provide no tuition fees for undergraduate and postgraduate education and with universal public healthcare that is free at a point of use. Since 1988, Poland has pursued a policy of economic liberalisation but retained an advanced public welfare system. It ranks 20th worldwide in terms of GDP (PPP), 21st in terms of GDP (nominal), and 21st in the 2023 Economic Complexity Index. Among OECD nations, Poland has a highly efficient and strong social security system; social expenditure stood at roughly 22.7% of GDP.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The largest component of Poland’s economy is the service sector (62.3%), followed by industry (34.2%) and agriculture (3.5%). Following the economic reform of 1989, Poland’s external debt has increased from $42.2 billion in 1989 to $365.2 billion in 2014. Poland shipped US$224.6 billion worth of goods around the globe in 2017, while exports increased to US$221.4 billion. The country’s top export goods include machinery, electronic equipment, vehicles, furniture, and plastics. Poland was the only economy in the EU to avoid a recession through the 2007\u201308 economic downturn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
As of 2019, the Polish economy had been growing steadily for 28 years, a record high in the EU. This record was only surpassed by Australia in the world economy. GDP per capita at purchasing power parity has grown on average by 6% p.a. over the last 20 years, the highest in Central Europe. Poland’s GDP has increased seven-fold since 1990.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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Gospodarka Polski to wschodz\u0105ca i rozwijaj\u0105ca si\u0119 gospodarka mieszana o wysokich dochodach, uprzemys\u0142owiona, zajmuj\u0105ca sz\u00f3ste miejsce w Unii Europejskiej pod wzgl\u0119dem nominalnego PKB i pi\u0105ta co do wielko\u015bci pod wzgl\u0119dem PKB (PPP). Polska mo\u017ce si\u0119 poszczyci\u0107 rozbudowanymi us\u0142ugami publicznymi charakterystycznymi dla wi\u0119kszo\u015bci gospodarek rozwini\u0119tych i jest jednym z nielicznych kraj\u00f3w w Europie, kt\u00f3re nie zapewniaj\u0105 op\u0142at za studia licencjackie i podyplomowe oraz zapewniaj\u0105 powszechn\u0105, bezp\u0142atn\u0105 publiczn\u0105 opiek\u0119 zdrowotn\u0105. Od 1988 roku Polska prowadzi\u0142a polityk\u0119 liberalizacji gospodarczej, zachowuj\u0105c jednocze\u015bnie zaawansowany system opieki spo\u0142ecznej. Zajmuje 20. miejsce na \u015bwiecie pod wzgl\u0119dem PKB (PPP), 21. pod wzgl\u0119dem PKB (nominalnego) i 21. w indeksie z\u0142o\u017cono\u015bci gospodarczej z 2023 r. W\u015br\u00f3d kraj\u00f3w OECD Polska posiada wysoce efektywny i silny system zabezpieczenia spo\u0142ecznego; wydatki socjalne wynios\u0142y oko\u0142o 22,7% PKB.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Najwi\u0119kszym sk\u0142adnikiem polskiej gospodarki jest sektor us\u0142ug (62,3%), nast\u0119pnie przemys\u0142 (34,2%) i rolnictwo (3,5%). W wyniku reformy gospodarczej z 1989 r. zad\u0142u\u017cenie zagraniczne Polski wzros\u0142o z 42,2 mld dolar\u00f3w w 1989 r. do 365,2 mld dolar\u00f3w w 2014 r. W 2017 r. Polska wys\u0142a\u0142a na ca\u0142y \u015bwiat towary o warto\u015bci 224,6 mld dolar\u00f3w, a eksport wzr\u00f3s\u0142 do 221,4 mld dolar\u00f3w. Do najwa\u017cniejszych towar\u00f3w eksportowych kraju nale\u017c\u0105 maszyny, sprz\u0119t elektroniczny, pojazdy, meble i tworzywa sztuczne. Polska jako jedyna gospodarka w UE unikn\u0119\u0142a recesji w wyniku pogorszenia koniunktury gospodarczej w latach 2007\u20132008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Od 2019 r. polska gospodarka ro\u015bnie stabilnie od 28 lat, co jest rekordem w UE. Rekord ten w gospodarce \u015bwiatowej pobi\u0142 jedynie Australia. PKB na mieszka\u0144ca wed\u0142ug parytetu si\u0142y nabywczej wzr\u00f3s\u0142 \u015brednio o 6% rocznie. w ci\u0105gu ostatnich 20 lat, najwy\u017cszy w Europie \u015arodkowej. Od 1990 roku PKB Polski wzr\u00f3s\u0142 siedmiokrotnie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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