Polska, Rzeczpospolita Polska (RP) \u2013 pa\u0144stwo unitarne w Europie \u015arodkowej, po\u0142o\u017cone mi\u0119dzy Morzem Ba\u0142tyckim na p\u00f3\u0142nocy a Sudetami i Karpatami na po\u0142udniu, w przewa\u017caj\u0105cej cz\u0119\u015bci w dorzeczu Wis\u0142y i Odry. Od p\u00f3\u0142nocy Polska graniczy z Rosj\u0105 (z jej obwodem kr\u00f3lewieckim) i Litw\u0105, od wschodu z Bia\u0142orusi\u0105 i Ukrain\u0105, od po\u0142udnia ze S\u0142owacj\u0105 i Czechami, od zachodu z Niemcami. Wi\u0119kszo\u015b\u0107 p\u00f3\u0142nocnej granicy Polski wyznacza wybrze\u017ce Morza Ba\u0142tyckiego. Polska Wy\u0142\u0105czna Strefa Ekonomiczna na Ba\u0142tyku graniczy ze strefami Danii i Szwecji. Granice z Ukrain\u0105, Bia\u0142orusi\u0105 i Rosj\u0105 stanowi\u0105 r\u00f3wnocze\u015bnie granic\u0119 zewn\u0119trzn\u0105 NATO, Unii Europejskiej i strefy Schengen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Powierzchnia administracyjna Polski wynosi 312 696 km\u00b2, co daje jej 69. miejsce na \u015bwiecie i 9. w Europie. Zamieszkana przez 37 636 508 os\u00f3b (31 XII 2023 r.), zajmuje pod wzgl\u0119dem liczby ludno\u015bci 38. miejsce na \u015bwiecie (wg danych za 2020 rok), a 5. w Unii Europejskiej. Polska podzielona jest na 16 wojew\u00f3dztw. Jej miastem z najwi\u0119ksz\u0105 ludno\u015bci\u0105 i jednocze\u015bnie stolic\u0105 jest Warszawa. Inne metropolie to Krak\u00f3w, Wroc\u0142aw, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Pozna\u0144, Gda\u0144sk, Szczecin. Najwi\u0119ksz\u0105 polsk\u0105 aglomeracj\u0105 policentryczn\u0105 jest konurbacja g\u00f3rno\u015bl\u0105ska. Polska jest krajem jednolitym etnicznie \u2013 97% ludno\u015bci deklaruje narodowo\u015b\u0107 polsk\u0105.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Pierwsz\u0105 historycznie potwierdzon\u0105 dat\u0105 opisuj\u0105c\u0105 dzieje Polski jest rok 966, gdy ksi\u0105\u017c\u0119 Mieszko I, w\u0142adca obszar\u00f3w mieszcz\u0105cych si\u0119 wsp\u00f3\u0142cze\u015bnie w wi\u0119kszo\u015bci w granicach Polski, przyj\u0105\u0142 chrzest. W 1025 powsta\u0142o Kr\u00f3lestwo Polskie, kt\u00f3rego pierwszym kr\u00f3lem by\u0142 syn Mieszka I, Boles\u0142aw I Chrobry. W 1385 Polska zawar\u0142a porozumienie z Wielkim Ksi\u0119stwem Litewskim, podpisuj\u0105c akt unii w Krewie; zwi\u0105zek ten zacie\u015bni\u0142a unia lubelska z 1569, w wyniku czego powsta\u0142a Rzeczpospolita Obojga Narod\u00f3w, jedno z najwi\u0119kszych i najludniejszych pa\u0144stw na mapie szesnasto- i siedemnastowiecznej Europy, kt\u00f3re w latach 1618\u20131621, po rozejmie w Dywilinie, mia\u0142o powierzchni\u0119 oko\u0142o 1 mln km\u00b2. Jej ustr\u00f3j wewn\u0119trzny okre\u015blany jest jako demokracja szlachecka, za\u015b monarch\u0119 wybierano w systemie tak zwanej wolnej elekcji. Rzeczpospolita przesta\u0142a istnie\u0107 w wyniku III rozbioru, w 1795, kiedy to jej terytorium podzielone zosta\u0142o mi\u0119dzy Prusy, Rosj\u0119 i Austri\u0119.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Po 123 latach, pod koniec I wojny \u015bwiatowej, w 1918, Polska odzyska\u0142a niepodleg\u0142o\u015b\u0107 (odrodzona w\u00f3wczas pa\u0144stwowo\u015b\u0107 nazywana jest II Rzecz\u0105pospolit\u0105). 1 wrze\u015bnia 1939 atakiem Niemiec na Polsk\u0119 rozpocz\u0119\u0142a si\u0119 II wojna \u015bwiatowa, za\u015b 17 wrze\u015bnia 1939 nast\u0105pi\u0142a agresja ZSRR; wobec tego w pa\u017adzierniku 1939 ca\u0142e terytorium kraju znalaz\u0142o si\u0119 pod okupacj\u0105 niemieck\u0105 i sowieck\u0105. W wyniku II wojny \u015bwiatowej \u017cycie straci\u0142o ponad sze\u015b\u0107 milion\u00f3w obywateli Polski. Konferencja ja\u0142ta\u0144ska w lutym 1945 umie\u015bci\u0142a Polsk\u0119 w strefie wp\u0142yw\u00f3w ZSRR. W lipcu 1945 postanowieniami konferencji poczdamskiej granice Polski przesuni\u0119to na zach\u00f3d (mi\u0119dzy lini\u0119 Odry i Nysy \u0141u\u017cyckiej, a lini\u0119 Curzona), przy\u0142\u0105czaj\u0105c Ziemie Odzyskane w miejsce Kres\u00f3w Wschodnich. Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa (nazwa pa\u0144stwa przyj\u0119ta w 1952) by\u0142a pa\u0144stwem satelickim ZSRR w formule tzw. demokracji ludowej. Rz\u0105dy w systemie monopartyjnym sprawowa\u0142a komunistyczna Polska Partia Robotnicza, a nast\u0119pnie Polska Zjednoczona Partia Robotnicza (przy formalnym istnieniu ugrupowa\u0144 satelickich). W okresie zimnej wojny PRL nale\u017ca\u0142a do Uk\u0142adu Warszawskiego, stanowi\u0142a zatem cz\u0119\u015b\u0107 tzw. bloku wschodniego.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Po przemianach politycznych zapocz\u0105tkowanych w konsekwencji Okr\u0105g\u0142ego Sto\u0142u i cz\u0119\u015bciowo demokratycznych wybor\u00f3w parlamentarnych w czerwcu 1989 zosta\u0142 powo\u0142any pierwszy rz\u0105d z premierem spoza partii komunistycznej. Polska zmodyfikowa\u0142a konstytucj\u0119, zmieniaj\u0105c 31 grudnia 1989 nazw\u0119 pa\u0144stwa na Rzeczpospolita Polska i staj\u0105c si\u0119 krajem demokratycznym.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Mimo olbrzymich strat w ludziach oraz znacznego zniszczenia kraju w wyniku II wojny \u015bwiatowej w Polsce uda\u0142o si\u0119 zachowa\u0107 wiele bogactwa kulturowego. Znajduje si\u0119 tu 17 miejsc wpisanych na list\u0119 \u015bwiatowego dziedzictwa UNESCO (15 obiekt\u00f3w dziedzictwa kulturowego i 2 o charakterze przyrodniczym), 123 pomniki historii oraz du\u017ca liczba zarejestrowanych zabytk\u00f3w.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Od pocz\u0105tku transformacji ustrojowej w gospodark\u0119 rynkow\u0105, Polska utrzymuje bardzo wysoki wska\u017anik rozwoju spo\u0142ecznego (HDI). W kraju stopniowo zwi\u0119ksza si\u0119 wolno\u015b\u0107 ekonomiczna. Polska jest demokratycznym pa\u0144stwem z rozwini\u0119t\u0105, wysokodochodow\u0105 gospodark\u0105 i wysokim wska\u017anikiem jako\u015bci \u017cycia; wi\u0119kszo\u015b\u0107 Polak\u00f3w (57%) pracuje w sektorze us\u0142ug. Ponadto rocznie Polsk\u0119 odwiedza oko\u0142o 17,5 mln turyst\u00f3w (2016), dzi\u0119ki czemu jest jednym z najcz\u0119\u015bciej odwiedzanych kraj\u00f3w \u015bwiata. Polska jest si\u00f3dm\u0105 co do wielko\u015bci gospodark\u0105 w Unii Europejskiej i jedn\u0105 z najszybciej rozwijaj\u0105cych si\u0119 gospodarek europejskich. W badaniu wska\u017anika demokracji, przeprowadzanym przez zesp\u00f3\u0142 zwi\u0105zany z tygodnikiem The Economist, Polska zaj\u0119\u0142a w 2023 roku 41. miejsce (na 167 przebadanych pa\u0144stw i terytori\u00f3w), co oznacza wzrost od poprzedniego roku o pi\u0119\u0107 miejsc, a demokracja kraju jest okre\u015blana jako wadliwa. Wed\u0142ug wska\u017anika Global Peace Index z 2017 roku Polska zajmuje 33. miejsce na \u015bwiecie (22. w Europie) pod wzgl\u0119dem poziomu bezpiecze\u0144stwa, natomiast wg raportu firmy Underwriters Laboratories z 2018 roku, Polska pod wzgl\u0119dem bezpiecze\u0144stwa zajmuje miejsce 35. (27. w Europie). Wska\u017anik wolno\u015bci prasy klasyfikuje Polsk\u0119 na 47. pozycji w \u015bwiecie w 2024 roku (wolno\u015b\u0107 prasy gwarantuje art. 14 Konstytucji).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Polska nale\u017cy m.in. do UE, ONZ, NATO, OBWE, WTO, OECD i Rady Europy, za\u015b Warszawa stanowi siedzib\u0119 Frontexu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Polska (Poland)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Poland, Republic of Poland (RP) – a unitary state in Central Europe, located between the Baltic Sea in the north and the Sudetes and the Carpathians at sea, mostly in the Vistula and Oder basin. From the northern Polish border with Russia (with its K\u00f6nigsberg Oblast) and Lithuania, from the east with Belarus and Ukraine, from the south with Slovakia and the Czech Republic, from the end with Germany. The newest northern border of the Polish coast of the Baltic Sea. The Polish Exclusive Economic Zone in the Baltic Sea borders the zones of Denmark and Sweden. The borders with Ukraine, Belarus and Russia constitute the external border of NATO, the European Union and the Schengen area.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The administrative area of \u200b\u200bPoland is 312,696 km\u00b2, which gives it 69th place in the world and 9th in Europe. Inhabited by 37,636,508 people (December 31, 2023), it ranks 38th in the world in terms of population (according to data for 2020), and 5th in the European Union. Poland is divided into 16 voivodeships. Its city with the largest population and at the same time its capital is Warsaw. Other metropolises are Krak\u00f3w, Wroc\u0142aw, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Pozna\u0144, Gda\u0144sk, Szczecin. The largest Polish polycentric agglomeration is the Upper Silesian conurbation. Poland is an ethnically homogeneous country – 97% of the population declares Polish nationality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The first historically confirmed date describing the history of Poland is the year 966, when Prince Mieszko I, the ruler of the areas that are now mostly within the borders of Poland, was baptized. In 1025, the Kingdom of Poland was established, whose first king was Mieszko I’s son, Boles\u0142aw I the Brave. In 1385, Poland concluded an agreement with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, signing the Act of Union in Krewo; this relationship was strengthened by the Union of Lublin in 1569, resulting in the creation of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, one of the largest and most populous states on the map of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Europe, which in the years 1618\u20131621, after the truce in Dywilin, had an area of \u200b\u200bapproximately 1 million km\u00b2. Its internal system is described as a nobility democracy, and the monarch was elected in the so-called free election system. The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth ceased to exist as a result of the Third Partition in 1795, when its territory was divided between Prussia, Russia and Austria.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
After 123 years, at the end of World War I, in 1918, Poland regained independence (the then reborn statehood is called the Second Polish Republic). On September 1, 1939, World War II began with Germany’s attack on Poland, and on September 17, 1939, the USSR attacked; Therefore, in October 1939, the entire territory of the country came under German and Soviet occupation. As a result of World War II, over six million Polish citizens lost their lives. The Yalta Conference in February 1945 placed Poland in the Soviet sphere of influence. In July 1945, by the decisions of the Potsdam Conference, Poland’s borders were moved westward (between the Oder-Neisse line and the Curzon line), annexing the Recovered Territories in place of the Eastern Borderlands. The Polish People’s Republic (the name of the country adopted in 1952) was a satellite state of the USSR in the so-called formula. people’s democracy. The government in a single-party system was exercised by the communist Polish Workers’ Party, and then by the Polish United Workers’ Party (with the formal existence of satellite groups). During the Cold War, the Polish People’s Republic belonged to the Warsaw Pact, so it was part of the so-called Eastern Bloc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
After the political changes initiated as a result of the Round Table and partially democratic parliamentary elections in June 1989, the first government with a prime minister from outside the communist party was appointed. Poland modified its constitution, changing the name of the country to the Republic of Poland on December 31, 1989, and becoming a democratic country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Despite enormous human losses and significant destruction of the country as a result of World War II, Poland managed to preserve much of its cultural wealth. There are 17 places inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List (15 cultural heritage sites and 2 natural heritage sites), 123 historical monuments and a large number of registered monuments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Since the beginning of the political transformation into a market economy, Poland has maintained a very high human development index (HDI). Economic freedom is gradually increasing in the country. Poland is a democratic country with a developed, high-income economy and a high quality of life index; most Poles (57%) work in the service sector. Moreover, Poland is visited by approximately 17.5 million tourists annually (2016), making it one of the most visited countries in the world. Poland is the seventh largest economy in the European Union and one of the fastest growing European economies. In a democracy index study conducted by a team associated with The Economist weekly, Poland took 41st place in 2023 (out of 167 countries and territories surveyed), which means an increase of five places since the previous year, and the country’s democracy is described as defective. According to the Global Peace Index from 2017, Poland ranks 33rd in the world (22nd in Europe) in terms of security level, while according to the 2018 report by Underwriters Laboratories, Poland ranks 35th in terms of security (27th in Europe) . The press freedom index ranks Poland 47th in the world in 2024 (press freedom is guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Poland belongs, among others, to to the EU, UN, NATO, OSCE, WTO, OECD and the Council of Europe, and Warsaw is the headquarters of Frontex.
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GEOGRAPHY
Poland is located in the very centre of Europe. With the total area of 312,679 km\u00b2 (120,728 sq mi) it\u2019s the seventh biggest country on the continent. Polish population is over 38,5 million people. The capital city is Warsaw (around 2 million inhabitants). Poland borders 7 countries: Germany on the west, Czech Republic and Slovakia on the south, Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania on the east, and Russia on the north.
Most of the country is located on lowlands. On the south there are upland areas with two major mountain chains \u2013 the Carpathians (Karpaty) and the Sudetes (Sudety). The Baltic sea coastline on the north measures 770 km. The longest river, Vistula (Wis\u0142a) is 1,047 km (678 miles) long.
The highest point of Poland is the peak of Rysy, 2,499 meters (8, 199 ft) in elevation. The lowest point in Poland is at 2 meters (7 ft) below sea level, located in the Vistula Delta.
The climate is moderate. The average summer temperature ranges from 20 \u00b0C (68 \u00b0F) to 30 \u00b0C (86 \u00b0F). Winters are cold \u2013 the average ranges from 3 \u00b0C (37,4 \u00b0F) in the northwest to \u20138 \u00b0C (17,6 \u00b0F) in the northeast.
HISTORY
First Polish state was recognized in second half of Xth century, when the Piast dynasty connected a few territories ruled by local Slavic tribes. In 966 Poland was baptized, and in 1025 the first king- Boles\u0142aw Chrobry \u2013 was enthroned. In the twelfth century Poland was divided to a few smaller states. The reunification took place in 1320. In 1385 Poland and Lithuania formed a commonwealth. The common Polish-Lithuanian state (named the Republic of Both Nations) became one of the biggest and strongest countries in Europe. The crisis emerged in the half of XVIIth century with the Swedish invasion, which caused a serious social and economical damage. Between 1772 and 1795 Poland went through a series of wars, ending with partitioning the country between Russia, Prussia, and Austria. The independence was lost for 123 years.
In 1918 Poland regained its sovereignty as a parliamentary republic. The borders were formed after three years of wars against Germany, Soviet Russia, Czechoslovakia, Lithuania and Ukrainian forces. In 1926 J\u00f3zef Pi\u0142sudski, the most popular leader and World War hero, organized a coup, transforming the country to presidential republic.
In September 1939 Poland was attacked by joint German (1 IX) and Soviet (17 IX) forces. Until 1945 the country was occupied. Over 6 000 000 people (half of them Polish Jews) perished. Polish troops fought against Germany on numerous fronts of World War II.
Between 1945 and 1989 Poland was ruled by communist governments installed by Soviet Union under the name of People’s Republic of Poland. The country had some social and economical achievements, but human rights were abused and many civil liberties suspended. In 1989 the independent trade union \u201eSolidarno\u015b\u0107\u201d under the leadership of Lech Wa\u0142\u0119sa has overthrown the regime. Poland built the democratic institutions and joined the international organizations: NATO in 1999 and European Union in 2004.
POLITICAL SYSTEM
Poland is a parliamentary republic. Prime Minister and Council of Ministers led by him are the leading institutions. The President is a head of state and is elected every five years in a popular election. The Parliament is bicameral and consists of a 460-member Sejm (the lower house) and a 100-member Senat. The elections take place every four years. Sejm is elected under d’Hondt proportional representation method, with 5% election threshold, and Senat under plurality voting system with 2-4 Senators elected from each constituency.
ECONOMY
After 1989 Poland came through a shock therapy liberal project by Leszek Balcerowicz, the then Minister of Finances. It caused serious social damages, as in other former Eastern Bloc countries, although Poland was the first of them to regain the pre-1989 GDP level. Since last 15 years Polish GDP grows rapidly, with an average rate of 5% per year. The inflation rate is low and the wages have grown. The unemployment, very high until 2004, is rapidly decreasing. Right now its level is about 5 %. These economical factors, along with the modest living costs, make Poland an attractive location for both studying and working.
Poland in short
Official name: Republic of Poland \/Rzeczpospolita Polska
(short form: Poland\/ Polska)
Independence: 11 November 1918 (republic proclaimed)
Government type: republic
Location: Central Europe
Border countries: Belarus 416 km, Czech Republic 790 km, Germany 467 km, Lithuania 103 km, Russia (Kaliningrad Oblast) 210 km, Slovakia 541 km, Ukraine 529 km
Language: Polish
Capital city: Warsaw
Official name: Republic of Poland \/Rzeczpospolita Polska(short form: Poland\/ Polska)
Independence: 11 November 1918 (republic proclaimed)
Government type: republic
Location: Central Europe
Border countries: Belarus 416 km, Czech Republic 790 km, Germany 467 km, Lithuania 103 km, Russia (Kaliningrad Oblast) 210 km, Slovakia 541 km, Ukraine 529 km
Language: Polish
Capital city: Warsaw
Major cities: Gda\u0144sk, Krak\u00f3w, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Pozna\u0144, Wroc\u0142aw
Population: around 38 000 000
Total area: 312 685 sq km (304 465 sq m – land, 8220 sq m – water)
Climate: temperate with cold, cloudy, moderately severe winters with frequent precipitation; mild summers with frequent showers and thundershowers
Local time: GMT + 1 hr
Member of the European Union: Since 2004
Religions: Roman Catholic 89,8%, Eastern Orthodox 1,3%, Protestant 0,3%, other 0,3%, unspecified 8,3%
Monetary unit: zloty (PLN)
Currency exchange rates: www.nbp.pl<\/p>\n\n\n\n
GRUPA MEDIA INFORMACYJNE<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Polska, Rzeczpospolita Polska (RP) \u2013 pa\u0144stwo unitarne w Europie \u015arodkowej, po\u0142o\u017cone mi\u0119dzy Morzem Ba\u0142tyckim na p\u00f3\u0142nocy a Sudetami i Karpatami na po\u0142udniu, w przewa\u017caj\u0105cej cz\u0119\u015bci w dorzeczu Wis\u0142y i Odry. Od p\u00f3\u0142nocy Polska graniczy z Rosj\u0105 (z jej obwodem kr\u00f3lewieckim) i Litw\u0105, od wschodu z Bia\u0142orusi\u0105 i Ukrain\u0105, od po\u0142udnia ze S\u0142owacj\u0105 i Czechami, od […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":81,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-12","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-slider"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/mediainformacyjne.com\/BiznesClubQ\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/mediainformacyjne.com\/BiznesClubQ\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/mediainformacyjne.com\/BiznesClubQ\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/mediainformacyjne.com\/BiznesClubQ\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/mediainformacyjne.com\/BiznesClubQ\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"http:\/\/mediainformacyjne.com\/BiznesClubQ\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30,"href":"http:\/\/mediainformacyjne.com\/BiznesClubQ\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12\/revisions\/30"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/mediainformacyjne.com\/BiznesClubQ\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/81"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/mediainformacyjne.com\/BiznesClubQ\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/mediainformacyjne.com\/BiznesClubQ\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=12"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/mediainformacyjne.com\/BiznesClubQ\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=12"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}